Becoming a U.S. citizen through naturalization is the final step for many immigrants who have held lawful permanent residency (a green card). Naturalization grants individuals full rights and protections under U.S. law, including the ability to vote, apply for a U.S. passport, and petition for family members to immigrate.

What Is Naturalization?

Naturalization is the legal process through which a green card holder (lawful permanent resident) becomes a U.S. citizen. Applicants must meet eligibility requirements, submit an application, pass an interview and exam, and take the Oath of Allegiance.

Eligibility for Naturalization

To qualify for U.S. citizenship through naturalization, applicants must:

• Be at least 18 years old
• Have been a lawful permanent resident (green card holder) for at least five years (or three years if married to a U.S. citizen)
• Have continuous residence and physical presence in the U.S.
• Demonstrate good moral character
• Pass an English language and civics test
• Take the Oath of Allegiance to the United States

The Naturalization Process

Step 1: Determine Eligibility Applicants should confirm they meet residency, moral character, and physical presence requirements before applying.

Step 2: File The naturalization application must be completed and submitted to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) along with the required fees and supporting documents.

Step 3: Attend Biometrics Appointment Applicants are scheduled for fingerprinting and a background check.

Step 4: Complete the Naturalization Interview & Exam USCIS schedules an interview where an officer reviews the application, asks questions about the applicant’s background, and administers the English and civics test.

Step 5: Receive a Decision USCIS may approve, continue, or deny the application. If approved, the applicant is scheduled for the naturalization ceremony.

Step 6: Take the Oath of Allegiance The final step is attending a naturalization ceremony where the applicant takes the Oath of Allegiance, officially becoming a U.S. citizen.

Benefits of U.S. Citizenship

• Right to Vote Citizens can vote in federal, state, and local elections.
• U.S. Passport Allows visa-free or visa-on-arrival travel to many countries.
• Protection from Deportation Citizens cannot be removed from the U.S.
• Family Sponsorship Citizens can petition for family members with shorter wait times.
• Eligibility for Federal Jobs Many government jobs require U.S. citizenship.

Becoming a U.S. citizen is a significant milestone, offering new rights, protections, and opportunities for those who complete the naturalization process.